[Gayathri]

The given tables give information about the population of the world altogether and its region wise distribution in 3 years, 1950, 2000 and 2050.

Overall, the data shows ever increasing trend in world population, of which more than half is confined to the continent Asia also, the data almost never increases in Oceania in all the years.

The number of people were 2.5 billions in 1950, majority of whom (56%) were found in Asia, following which Europe hosted about a quarter of world’s population accounting for 22%. Whereas, the other three regions could together contribute only to a quarter simultaneously. Thereafter, in 2000, with a total of 6 billions, there were increase in the data from Asia (60%), Africa (13%) and Latin America (9%) while, only one-fifth of the entire population resided in all other regions combined.

The projected estimate to 2050 shows that the population will rise by 50% to reach 9 billions while, Asia continues to hold the largest number of people. However, the data is expected to have a significant rise (50%) in Africa from 13% to 20%. Remaining regions will only contribute to one-fifth of world’s population in the same year. In contrast, the population of Oceania never increase, but remains same at about 1% in all the years.

[Gayathri]

The given maps illustrate how the road leading to a city hospital in 2007 has developed over the next 3 years.

Overall, there are considerable differences between the two after the developments which occurred in 3 years including the newly constructed roundabouts.

Firstly, the access to city hospital changed from direct entrance from the city road to a roundabout, which also led way to the bus station which replaced the previous bus sops to the west of hospital road. Afterwards, at the junction of hospital and the ring road, the 2nd roundabout was built in 2010, giving another access to bus station. However, the ring road surrounding the city hospital remains same except that, a roundabout was constructed and also two entrances were given to two different car parks.

Furthermore, the pre-existing car park to the east of hospital road in 2007, got modified to staff car park in 2010, replacing the old bus stops to the east of hospital road. Another car park was newly constructed in 2010 to the east of hospital with access to the ring road. It is designated for the public usage.

[Gayathri]

The given bar chart depicts the population of seals, whales and dolphins in the Gormez Straits from the year 2006 to 2018 at an interval of 4 years.

Overall, there were increase in numbers of all the three sea mammals over the period of 12 years even though the numbers of seals and whales only had a slight improvement.

First of all, although seals were the largest count in 2006, that is over 40 when compared to others, their number significantly reduced to 25 four years later. Afterwards, they showed consistent improvement to reach 35 in 2014 and even more than the initial count in 2018.

Secondly, no marked variation in numbers of whale seen since, initially they were only half the number of seals in 2006 (20 numbers), with fluctuating data around the same level for the next 2 periods, before increasing to just under 30 in 2018.

On the contrary, the data of dolphins showed considerable increase over the 12 year period starting from less than 20 in 2006, rising steadily to reach approximately equal in number to seals in 2014 and to increase further in 2018.

[Gayathri]

Learning arts while at school is considered important by many people while others think it is unnecessary to include arts in curriculum. This essay will discuss both sides of arguments in detail followed by citing my opinion.

On one side of the argument, it is stated that, art is an indispensable part of a school’s curriculum for many reasons. First of all, it serves to expose one’s hidden natural talents such as drawing, sculpting or acting from the beginning of school years. Hence, many gifted children can utilise these classes to enrich their skills in order to pursue them as a career in future. For instance, the world famous actor, Mrs. Maisie Williams, first noticed her acting skills when she joined in school’s theatre club, which paved her path in television and film industry. Another reason is that, arts help students in relieving tension created by difficult syllabus which, some of them could not excel, meanwhile, their in born talents are nourished in arts sessions which can create a bright future for them.

On the other hand, others say that, including arts as a subject in school lead to loss of valuable hours to finish curriculum in time. Since most schools nowadays teach a vast syllabus not corresponding to the level of standard, there is a rush in completing lessons within an academic year. Moreover, there exists a belief not to incorporate arts as a discipline since it might not be always worth in allocating time for a subject which only a minority of pupils utilize.

In conclusion, even though learning arts at school do create some issues, I strongly believe that, it helps pupils in developing passion which in turn can be accomplished as a career later on in life.

[Gayathri]

The given flow chart describes the process of making wood pellets from sawdust for the purpose of insulating buildings.

Overall, it can be seen that, the entire process consists of seven different steps starting from the collection and transfer of sawdust from sawmill to the packing of pellets in designated bags.

First of all, the raw material, sawdust is transported from sawmill, where it is produced as a by-product of sawing woods, to a hammer mill. There it is modified into fibres by a process called hammering. Such fibres produces are of equal length. Thereafter, those need to be dampened with steam. Subsequent step involves passing the fibres through a pellet machine resulting in formation of pellets.

Moving further to next step, which involves cooling those pellets in a cooling machine. Following process is vacuum cleaning, that is to remove all dust particles from those pellets before the final process. Last step is packing, when the newly manufactured pellets are stacked into bags which weigh 18 kilograms ( 40 pounds ) and is set for sale which can be used to insulate a variety of buildings.

[Gayathri]

The given flow chart describes the process of making wood pellets from sawdust for the purpose of insulating buildings.

Overall, this includes seven different steps starting from the collection of sawdust to the packing of pellets in designated bags.

First of all, the raw material, sawdust is transported from sawmill to hammer mill where it is modified into fibres of equal length. Thereafter, those fibres need to be dampened with steam. Subsequently fibres are passed through a pellet machine resulting in formation of pellets.

Next step involves cooling those pellets following which the dust particles are separated by vacuum cleaning. Last step is packing, when the newly manufactured pellets are stacked into bags which weigh 18 kilograms and is set for sale.

[Gayathri]

Nowadays, many couples prefer to delay starting their families until they are mentally and financially settled. While having children later in life do create some issues such as generation gap, there are more benefits than drawbacks to such a trend including providing them with a better life.

First of all, the advantages are, such children who are born later in a couple’s life apparently experience more love and affection alongside growing up in a more financially stabilised environment. As their parents have attained a sufficient level in their career, they can take breaks adequately for raising their children, therefore, such kids are more lucky to spend time with family than others. For instance, a survey conducted among female IT engineers in India showed that most of them delayed having children in order to pursue great careers and for better financial stability. Moreover, parents can make their financial environment sound enough to provide their children with all facilities by the time they plan their family.

On the other hand, there are some drawbacks also for such a trend which include difficulty in conception as fertility decreases with age also, the problems caused by generation gap. Naturally, as women ages, their ability to conceive also decreases. Hence, its risky to delay pregnancy to one’s thirties as many health issues can occur during and after pregnancy. Another issue being the occurrence of generation gap which can impact the bonding within the family as parents can sometimes fail to keep the pace with their children. But both of these issues can be limited with appropriate behavior along with opting for assisted reproduction.

To conclude, even though there are some drawbacks in delaying children, they can be solved with assisted technology and behavioral changes. Hence, my opinion is that, it is always advisable to start family later in life once couples are mentally and financially prepared.

[Gayathri]

The given line graphs illustrate the production and market of steel in million tonnes in the UK for the year 2010 and the number of labourers involved in its manufacturing in the same year.

Overall, there are marked fluctuations in the demand for steel throughout the year while its production showed both increasing and decreasing trend towards the beginning and end of the year but remained steady in between. The number of labourers involved also was fluctuating.

With regard to demand and supply of steel, both of them showed increasing trend in january with production (4000 million tonnes) starting from the double of demand( 2000 million tonnes) increased by 25% to reach 5000 million tonnes whereas, the market was increasing slowly to hit 3000 million tonnes by march. Thereafter, the production remained steady at 4000 million tonnes until end of july only to decline by a quarter during next month and to again fluctuated with a heavy drop towards the end of the year(1000 million tonnes).

While, the necessity for steel had fluctuations round the year, averaging above 2000 million tonnes suddenly dropped to nil in november only to regain demand next month.
The supply of labourers also fluctuated with increasing initially to above 5 million in january to decline sharply by March(3 million) and to further remain steady until august and thereafter declined to 1 million by the end of the year.

[Gayathri]

The given line graphs illustrate the production and actual needs of steel in million tonnes in the UK for the year 2010 and the number of labourers involved in thousands for its manufacturing in the same year.
Overall, steel produced in UK was relatively higher than actual demand over the whole year except the month of December. Whereas, the data of workers was significantly declined by the end of the year.

With regard to demand and supply of steel, both of them showed increasing trend in January. Production started from 4000 million tonnes to reach 5000 million tonnes in the initial months , that is a 25% rise , while demand was increasing but slowly to reach a value of 3000 million tonnes by March. Thereafter, the production remained steady at 4000 million tonnes until the end of July and then sharply declined at the end of the year to 1000 million tonnes before fluctuating in between. While, the demand for steel suddenly dropped to nil in November, before regaining demand next month.

The number of labourers employed in steel manufacturing had a decreasing trend starting form 5000 in the start of the year. The data showed significant decrease in march from 5500 to 3000, thereafter fluctuating around 3000 for next 6 months before dropping to 1000 in December.

[Gayathri]

Contemporary world is witnessing drastic changes in the ways of communication after the advent of internet. Owing to this, a lot of problems are being created and there should be appropriate methods to tackle such emerging issues. This essay will through light upon such problems and the possible solutions to each.

First of all problems, there is an absolute breach in the privacy of an individual in any platforms of the internet since the applications are using and selling individual data to third parties. Why? because, any media which is available in the internet asks a person’s personal details and location upon signing up in that application, which they share with a lot of other platforms. For example, an incident was reported in 2019, when facebook shared information of its more than 500 million subscribers to another party. Moving further to another issue which is, hacking and fraudulent activities over the internet which has emerged recently. That is, with the use of personal credentials, any application can loot an individual’s money or other valuables as these days even banking is possible online.

With regards to remedies, at the individual level, people can go through the privacy settings and terms and conditions while using any sites. Moreover, governments should take necessary actions and amend laws regarding cyber crimes along with strengthening of existing cyber police wing. Then, more laws and stringent punishments should be implemented to prevent poeple commiting crimes using the internet. To cite an instance, in Kerala, the southern state of India, in 2019, there was massive looting of money from different individuals which was tracked by the cyber cell and the criminal was penalised appropriately.

To conclude, as there are novel problems due to widespread use of internet, there should be more laws and also existing laws can be reinforced. People should be warned of fraudulent websites and should be asked to abstain from such sites on the internet.

[Gayathri]

It is generally thought that students will excel more in studies when they get rewarded instead of punishing while at school. More and more institutes tend to adopt such changes recently in order to help their students to achieve great profiles. Clearly, rewarding can motivate students more than punishments do

First of all, children’s overall character improve when there is a shift in the mode of teaching to include prizes rather than penalizing alone. If, at their schools, teachers correct them giving remunerations, they seem highly motivated to follow the instructions simply because, their brains are more likely to get formatted accordingly. Moreover, they tend to be more interested in attending schools without the need for persuading them from which parents get relieved. Similarly, they can be trained without their insight to learn new topics using this method. To cite an example, in many of the developed countries, schools have already realized the significance of rewarding children and hence they made drastic change from traditional teaching methods culminating in more attendance rates and successful outcomes.

Secondly, in order to maintain discipline while at school, punishing is an age old criteria which has more hazards than benefits. Pupils at such schools, become frustrated with their classes and they might even fail in their examinations. Hence, parents also find it much difficult to send them to such academies which can harm their future. This was the scenario in most public schools in many developing countries leading to drop outs and less literacy rates.

In conclusion, the more rewards a child gets, the greater is his or her motivation to pursue dreams. Whereas, punishments can make a child’s future in vail as there is always a side effect of mental torture or trauma.